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directory balancing

Sometimes you might end up in a situation where you want to spread your files across multiple directories without updating your links. The first thing to do is set RewriteEngine On at the top of your .htaccess file.

There are several ways to perform this. You might decide to move the files physically into a directory tree structure where the first letter of the file determines the directory where the file is stored.

When doing this, for html files for example you might do the following:

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI}      ^/html/[^/]+$
RewriteRule ^(.)(.*)$       /html/$1/$1$2 [L]

Now requests will be filtered off to their directories based on their initial character if it doesn't exist in the parent already.

What we can do to further extend the directory balancing is split some of the content into two directories deep (in some cases but not all).

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI}      ^/html/([^/])([^/])([^/]+)$
RewriteCond /var/www/sites/example.test/html/%1/%2/%1%2%3 -f
RewriteRule ^(.)(.)(.*)$        /html/$1/$2/$1$2$3 [L]

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI}      ^/html/([^/])([^/]+)$
RewriteCond /var/www/sites/example.test/html/%1/%1%2 -f
RewriteRule ^(.)(.*)$       /html/$1/$1$2 [L]

What we're doing in the above example is to test for the files' presence in the expected directories before altering the URI to reflect that. This could be further enhanced to use a Rewritemap, but this has its own draw backs such as having to be updated regularly when the directory contents update.

fix broken sites

Occasional site changes will require fix-ups later to redirect traffic. One of the many benefits of having mod_rewrite at your disposal is the ability to arbitarily redirect large chunks of your site to somewhere sensible. Consider, moving from a blog to a wiki, they both offer very similar features on different URL labels, so if your tags become categories you may wish to do something along these lines:

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI}  ^/tag/([^/]+)/?$
RewriteRule ^       /wiki/Category:%1   [R=301,L]

This takes the second part of the URL (from /tag/<...>) and appends that to the category part of the /wiki/ URL. This also tells the request that the item has moved permanently and no further URL rewriting should be done.

pesky referrers

Sometimes you get a situation where a client is problematic and you can only identify it by referrer.

In this case, we'd like to prevent client access if the referrer is set to "None".

RewriteCond     %{HTTP_REFERER}         ^None$
RewriteRule     ^                       -       [F,L]

The F sends a 'forbidden' response to the client. The L makes this the last rewrite rule that is processed fro this request.

redirect non-www to www

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\. [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]

redirect www to non-www

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.(.*) [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://%1%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]

rewrite for wordpress

These rules are widely available from wordpress, but here they are, only run when mod_rewrite is present, and rewrite requests to index.php:

# BEGIN WordPress
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule ^index\.php$ - [L]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule . /index.php [L]
</IfModule>
# END WordPress

php upgradation

Some older PHP code would have open/close tags like this

<?
php_info();
?>

However, modern PHP doesn't like that, the tags should be like this:

<?php
php_info();
?>

Yet, the code exists still, but we can't mop all that up and correct it, so add this to the .htaccess file:

php_value short_open_tag 1